THE HOUSE OF HUMAN EMOTIONS On the Application of the Mathematical Model of the Human Brain to Emotions

KEYWORDS: Emotion, feelings, brain, computation, thinking, memory, mental.

ABSTRACT:
The article; Emotion, Memory and the Brain' by Joseph E. LeDoux (LeDoux, 1994) opened
with this: "Despite millennia of preoccupation with every facet of human emotion, we are still
far from explaining in a rigorous physiological sense this part of our mental experience.
Neuroscientists have, in modern times, been especially concerned with the neural basis of
cognitive processes such as perception and memory. They have for the most part ignored the
brain's role in emotion.

Yet in recent years, interest in this mysterious mental terrain has surged. Catalyzed by
breakthroughs in understanding the neural basis of cognition and by an increasingly
sophisticated knowledge of the anatomical organization and physiology of the brain,
investigators have begun to tackle the problem of emotion. One quite rewarding area of
research has been the inquiry into the relation between memory and emotion. Much of this
examination has involved studies of one particular emotion--fear--and the manner in which
specific events or stimuli come, through individual learning experiences, to evoke this state.
Scientists, myself included, have been able to determine the way in which the brain shapes
how we form memories about this basic, but significant, emotional event. We call this process
"emotional memory.""

Emotional memory is a record of the fear not the fear itself. By studying fear with induced
responses (shock-sound experiments) fear itself has not been found but the response to input
stimuli has been found without regard to the method of its computation.

This paper will, through application of the mathematical model of the human brain, for once
and for all, detail the causes and processes involved in all emotions.

1.0 THE FOUNDATION

1.1 Before tackling the intricate combinations of memory comparisons that result in emotions
we need first to address the common considerations:

1.2 Continuing with (LeDoux, 1995) By uncovering the neural pathways through which a
situation causes a creature to learn about fear, we hope to elucidate the general mechanisms
of this form of memory. Because many human mental disorders--including anxiety, phobia,
post-traumatic stress syndrome and panic attack--involve malfunctions in the brain's ability
to control fear, studies of the neural basis of this emotion may help us further understand and
treat these disturbances.

1.3 Fear is not at first, a memory. (Hempfling, (1) 1996) It is a result of computation and
memory that then becomes a memory of the fear result but not the fear itself. Some
observational theories delve deeper into the mechanisms of emotion and come very close
to a detailed examination based on what can be observed. While others ignore the structure
of the event of emotion.

1.4 The assumption that the brain in someway mal-functions' is greatly in error. Fear, like all
other emotions is caused by a definitive, explainable situation of computation. While LeDoux
et.al. study the memory result of fear by creating anxiety in the patients the cause of fear is
ignored. Why? It can not be directly observed. Just like you are not able to directly observe
the workings of the engine of your car yet you accept that it has one or it won't run. The brain
is another matter altogether. Scientists are torn between accepting that the brain is a machine
that accomplishes tasks and all they can see is the result of those tasks and the other extreme
where the brain is a repository for magical processes that look feel and sound just like they
do when they exit the brain. That thinking would mean that all manufacturing plants make
their products by being their products. Not actually a very intellectual manner of investigation.

1.5 Perhaps the best example of this difficulty in definition of the brain is language. On the
surface it is common sense to know that humans speak. We make sounds that are not in
themselves intelligible but when they are strung together they make intelligent connections
that are words.. We then string those words together to make sentences and so on with the
additional stringing of construction until we reach whole books or even boring scientific
papers.

1.6 What has happened in the examination of language is the most observable has become
the only observable. The fact that we speak in language has then been considered that we
think in language. No we don't. We think in computational electrochemical transactions that
we can not express as they are the cause of what we can express. The voice in your head is
the language you speak as processed by the hearing pathways. Deaf people process the
hearing pathways as well but think in the computational electrochemical transactions that can
not be expressed. Since they are causes of language teaching a language can occur at any
time in the deaf person's life (braille, sign etc..)

1.7 But language is not something that can be attributed to a specifically observed area of the
brain. Oh yes. I am aware that language centers in the brain have been found and identified
and relied upon heavily... These are language memory centers in the brain. The memory is
a result of the processing pathways of hearing. Observation would tell the observer that
language is a process of the brain. But computational examination will prove that language
is a result of the process of the brain and can not be applied to anything other than outcome
of that computational process. That process is far deeper inside the brain than observation can
dictate.

2.0 THE BASEMENT

2.1 At the bottom of all processes is the function that permits it all. The house of emotions
is resting upon a foundation of solid ground. Solid truths of computational exactness. Logic
implanted in every piece of the foundation so that pieces above it that rely on it will not fall
and crumble from want of a stable base.

2.2 Supported by the logic of computational protocol the basement of our house of emotions
is filled with specific functions that create specific outcomes that create specific functions that
create specific outcomes.

2.3 The computational structure of the brain is such that from input to output a very detailed
and highly logical progression occurs.
1) Input is accepted by receptors (in various types)
2) The receptor converts the input into a value the brain can use.
3) Since all computations in the brain take place in the same form of
Cellular computer (the neuron) the signal types must be the
Same regardless of the input type.
4) The converted usable value is transmitted for computation. In vision
And hearing the value is first split into seven distinct outputs
With three of those outputs used in computation and memory for
Each input receptor.
5) In the first level of computation (what is referred to as the subconscious)
The inputted value is compared to long term memory at a ratio
Of 30 long term memories to each input value. This increase in
Computational speed removes the subject from direct input
Determinism and permits the subject self controlled movement
Instead of input controlled movement.
6) From the subconscious level of computation there come two outputs
For each parallel path of the input value. One is to direct the
Subconscious movements of the muscle structure and is sent to
The limbic area of the brain for further processing (see # ) The second
Is sent to the mid term memory.
7) Where long term memory will take up the majority of the brain's mass
As it must store time sensitive data for a long potential life (which is
Where the mistaken assumption comes from that we only use a
Small portion of our brain... the rest is waiting to be used as the memory
it is.
8) Mid term memory has a duration of no more than 18 hours of stored
memories. It is a way station for recent events so that a person does
Not loose contact with where he put his keys , that he turned on the
Bath water or that he has a steak cooking in the over. This memory
Is oft times mistaken as short term memory since it is in relation to
Long term memory of a recent nature and not of the long past.
9) The memory residing in mid term memory is then compared to the real
Short term memory at a ratio again of 30 memories (short term) to
One input value.... But this time the input value to the comparison
(Which we refer to as the conscious level of computation) is itself
A 30:1 comparison result. This makes the conscious level of comparison
A 900:1 ratio over the single input value. This portion of computation
Is not contained in lower animals in this ratio. Some forms of life
Such as bonobo monkeys, chimpanzees, some apes, dolphins, etc
Have a similar third memory but a much slower comparison ratio and
One major difference......
10) Where in humans the result of this comparison is sent to the limbic system for muscle movement and to the long term memory for storage of actions thoughts and feelings it is also sent back to the third memory.
In lower life forms this feedback loop is evident but not in the extent
Nor in the ratio of computation as in the human.
11) Short term memory is indeed quite short. The human has on average a
Short term memory duration of 7 seconds. A shortened short term memory of five seconds or less will render the subject unable to make the connection to himself as an entity and will make responses based on curiosity without asking why? The major human advantage.
12) From the out puts of both comparators (sub conscious and conscious levels of computation ) the values sent to the limbic system are converte d d own to the speeds of the processing in each subsequent function. Speeds of 1800 per second coming from the conscious computational level and speeds of 60 per second coming from the subconscious level are combined (separately) by reduction in subtraction of added values to be reduced to the computational speed of the intended target. I.E.: Conscious values at 1800 per second are converted to 60 per second for submission to the long term memory. This is why in humans the ability to recall events and thoughts is in a snapshot mode not a motion picture mode.
13) For muscle movements, everything from making the mouth, tongue and larynx result in language to making the fingers type on a keyboard to wiggling the big toes is a result of a 10 per second motivation signal speed. The value is arrived at by the same subtraction reduction process.
14) And we have arrived at the outcomes of the brain that almost all of modern
Science is observing and using to determine how the processing before
It is accomplished.

2.4 It can be seen from the above that there is quite a bit of activity taking place in the brain
before anything remotely resembling an outcome is possible. The description above is a
generalized depiction of the process that is adapted and revised slightly for each different
input sensor type. There are also many of these computational pathways that are internal
feedback loops and even though similar to the above are much less complicated. But for out
discussion of emotions the above will set the stage for the process that until now has been
only an illusion.

3.0 THE HOUSE TAKES SHAPE

3.1 In the brain's levels of computation it is making a faster computation to input than input
can sustain. In doing so it is accomplishing the one aspect all living creatures have in
common (albeit in very different levels of computational protocol.) The projection process.
The slower the rate of computation the less in advance the projection process is and therefore
the less intense the results of its procedure will be. To the human the very fast 900:1
comparison ratio places the projection ability far in advance.

3.2 It is this speed difference in computation of the second (conscious) level of computation
that is the basis of this paper. That, which causes, emotions.

4.0 THE STRUCTURE RISES

4.1 The critical process of the brain is comparison. In that I am not speaking of the
comparison of concepts or things of a material nature. I am speaking of the comparison of
dissimilar concepts (Hempfling (2), 1996). Near the beginning of this paper I mentioned the
requirement of all input receptors regardless of their type or intended purpose to have their
values converted to a value the brain is able to process.

4.2 This process value is the same throughout the brain. At this point let me interject this:
It will take some time for the average scientist to make the change
from thinking in terms of outcomes and thinking in terms of internal
processes. I known this. I have dealt with individuals of extremely high
academic esteem and renown who have not as yet made the change
in thinking. The block of the object oriented reasoning of most of modern
neuroscience is a serious problem (Hempfling (3) 1995). So when I speak
of the comparison within the brain I am speaking of the comparison of
exactly comparative values regardless of the type of input it matches.

4.3 As the comparison process occurs it results in a single event (which is the result of the
comparison itself and is sent on for further processing) and it results in the combined event.

4.4 The combined event is what we observe and experience as emotion. How it manages to
make the values that create the emotions we feel and experience and observe in others is
very interesting:
I will use a simple example for each of the following examinations:
A) Value P will be stable at a numerical value of (10) for simplicity.
B) Value N will be variable and the variable value will determine the outcome
Of each examination. To Wit:
1) Love:
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-10)/2)+10)
The poles of both sides of the comparison are equal (or perceived to potentially be equal).
2) Fear:
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-?)/2)+?)
Where the variable pole is unknown and may be negative.

2A) Conditioned Fear:
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-11)/2)+11)
Where the variable has exceeded the norm before and is once
Again presented for comparison whereby projection will arrive
At a conditioned response that is known to be negative.
3) Apprehension:
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-[variable that may not be correct])/2)+[var +/- correct])
Where the variable that is projected is not fully
Supported by memory and the support tends toward
A negative result.

4) Hate:
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-11)/2)+11)
The exact same value system as conditioned fear where hate
Is the action projected as able to potentially protect the subject From a conditioned situation (such as the person who is taught To hate blacks sees them as a threat to HIS condition and thereby If the condition is strong enough will hate them to
protect himself. If the condition is stronger still he will take
Action to remove the threat. (Violence)

5) Sadness:
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-2)/2)+2)
The result of a projection that is not forthcoming. The range will be
From mild miscalculation (sad) to progressively deeper
Miscalculation in levels of sadness leading to severe depression.

6) Happiness
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-7)/2)+7)
The result of a projection that is forthcoming. The range will be from
Mild (pleased) to progressively stronger in levels of happiness
To massive joy.
7) Loneliness
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(See 5) Same calculation but regarding a perceived desire for
Partnership.
8) Sympathy
(((P-N)/2)+N)
The opposite of (6) with the projection having to do with another
Person.
9) Pride
(((P-N)/2)+N)
(((10-5)/2)+5)
A projection is made in computation and it is accomplished as in
Being correct. The more this occurs (or is perceived to occur)
The greater the pride will be.
10) Compassion
(((P-N)/2)+N)
A projection is made for how a situation should be. The subject
Then either fits into this situation or not. If it is another person
Being observed the potential if compassion if it is the same
Person the potential is sadness.
11) Regret
(((P-N)/2)+N)
A projection seen in hind sight as having not been what it appeared
To have been.
12) Prejudice
See (4) above)

There are of course many more.... But each can be explained mathematically by following
the mathematical model of the human brain.

5.0 ROOF TRUSSES

5.1 Hardly any of the methods that contribute to the creation of emotions is observable by
the external observation and none of it is observable by the internal observation. What is
observable is the comparisons drawn above as referenced to emotions and how accurate
they are to actual known emotional conditions.

5.2 The important aspect to remember in this respect is the difference between single and
combined events.

5.3 Single events are computations of a single pathway and effect by their values no other
pathway. But the result of thousands of different pathways bound by the same reality of
input and the same reality of output effect in a combinational manner the entire output. It
is the entire output that results in emotional conditions.

6.0 ROOF SHINGLES

6.1 As with all other outcomes of the brain a basic understanding of the computational
process it manages to do so well lends one to the ability to evaluate the outcomes from a
totally different perspective. From the perspective of the brain and not that of the
observer.

6.2 The combination of all emotional responses makes up a person's personality which
has best been described from the observational level by George Hammond (Hammond,
1996) in The Cartesian Model of Personality.

REFERENCES:

3) Hempfling, L.K.; (2) On the Comparison of Dissimilar Concepts
Copyright 1996 Lee Kent Hempfling. .http://members.aol.com/enticy1/ntc/select.htm.

4) Hempfling, L.K.; (3)

5) Hammond, George; The Cartesian Model Of Personality
Copyright 1996 George Hammond